Psychology Dersi 6. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

What does the lifespan perspective emphasizes in terms of human development?

The lifespan perspective emphasizes that human development is a lifelong process and it is affected by multidimensional factors, such as biological, intraindividual, social, and cultural factors.

What are the three developmental processes of human beings?

Human development results from biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes, and the interaction among these three processes.

What is a developmental period?

A developmental period is a time zone with a certain beginning and end based on a certain age-group. Each period includes certain characteristics.

What are the typical aspects of children' development in early childhood?

Early childhood is the period that has been described usually as preschool time. During this period, children typically follow a certain developmental path in terms of different aspects of development. They usually tend to become self-sufficient, since they learn and start to use social cues and rules in this period.

What is the time period of early adulthood for individuals?

Early adulthood is the period from 20s to late 30s.

Which developmental period can be the longest and chronic stress can affect health at this stage?

Late adulthood is the longest period which begins in 60s and goes until death. Since this period can be the longest, there are lots of variations among individuals. For example, chronic stress can affect health at this stage.

What is the difference between parts of 'Nature vs Nurture' debate as a developmental issue?

This debate is concerned with whether human development is affected by nature (genetic makeup) or nurture (environment), and with the extent to which aspects of development are affected by nature and by nurture. According to nature part of the debate, humans’ genetic background determines a kind of biological program for each human being. In contrast with the nature part, nurture part of the debate emphasizes the importance of environmental experiences and influences on human development. From this perspective, human beings are born with tabula rasa (a blank state) and gain developmental aspects through exposure to environment across years.

Why has Sigmund Freud' Psychosexual Theory been criticized?

Freud’s theory has been criticized since it pays great attention to sexual instintcs and since it does not mention the potential effects of culture.

How does a child think during preoperational stage that covers 2-7 years of age?

Symbolic thinking of a child increases with word usage and increased mental images, and child move forward from sensoryphysical combinations to operations during this stage.

What is the zone of proximal development?

The zone of proximal development is the distance between what a person can perform individually and what that person can perform under guidence.

What is the difference between cephalocaudal pattern and proximodistal pattern?

Cephalocaudal pattern is the pattern of development that begins at the top of the body, which is the head in our case, and gradually follows a path from top to down, which can be shoulders, arms, etc. The proximodistal pattern is the physical developmental path from the center of the body to the extremities. For example, an infant is able to gain mastery on muscles in the torso before controlling the muscles in the hands and fingers. 

What is the difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?

Gross motor skills are involved in large muscle activities and movements. In contrast to gross motor skills, fine motor skills are involved in small muscle movements and activities, that occur in the hands and fingers.

What is the difference between palmar grasp and pincer grasp?

Palmar grasp is grasping with the whole hand. In contrast, pincer grasp is grasping with the thumb and finger.

What are the two types of the schemes that children’s brain build in order to understand the world according to Piaget?

According to Piaget, in order to understand the world, children’s brain build schemes, which involve actions or mental representations that help to systematize the information. There are two types of schemes: behavioral schemes and mental schemes.

Sensorimotor stage covers the time period from birth to 2 years of age, and it includes substages.
What does 'Simple reflex' substage mean?

It is the coordination of senses and movements with the help of reflexive reactions; such as sucking and grasping.

What is the relation between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

Self-esteem is a feeling satisfied, being confidence with and respect to one’s own self. Self-efficacy is one’s belief in his/her own capability and ability to accomplish something. Since school concept comes to the place, self- esteem related with success, self-efficacy, self understanding and self concept are common themes that are mostly studied during socioemotional development in middle & late childhood period.

What is 'Personal fable'?

Personal fable is the feeling of uniqueness and invulnurability.

What do adolescents experience in 'Identity moratorium' status?

According to Marcia (1994), an adolescent solves his/her crisis based on a four status identity. Adolescents in Identity moratorium status experience a crisis that has been going on, but their commitment might be weak or they do not show any commitment.

What are the two important concepts of early adulthood?

Two important concepts of early adulthood are: gaining economic independence and taking responsibility for what has been done.

What is 'Postformal Thought'? 

Postformal Thought is a way of thinking which consists of reflective, relativistic and contextual, provisional, realistic ways with the effect of emotions.