Psychology Dersi 5. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

What is the process of learning?

Learning is the process by which practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.

What is the meaning of association?

Association means linking two events or stimuli that occur together in space or time.

What is the cognitive approach mainly concerned with?

The cognitive approach is mainly concerned with internal events. According to the cognitive approach, psychologists should consider what is going on in the mind to understand behavior and they should study mental events scientifically using controlled experiments.

What is the focus of behaviorism?

Behaviorism studies behavior as the relationship between observable stimuli and observable responses. There is no reference to mental processes in the mind.

Explain the occurence of unconditioned response.

Unconditioned Response (UCR) occurs automatically in response to UCS; therefore, it is mostly involuntary. UCR is an unlearned response to a UCS.

What type of learning is classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that a stimulus, which produces no response, can acquire the ability to produce one.

What do the food and the bell refer to in the classical conditioning procedure of Pavlov’s on dogs?

The food refers to unconditioned stimulus and the bell refers to neutral stimulus.

What happens if CS and UCS are paired again after spontaneous recovery?

During spontaneous recovery, CR is observed although UCS is not presented. If
UCS is presented with CS again, CR reappears, so CR’s power strengthens. This
is different from spontaneous recovery because once UCS is presented, it is like
going back to the acquisition phase. Hence, the association between UCS and CS
is established again.

What does stimulus generalization mean?

Stimulus generalization means to respond to stimuli similar to the original CS. So, learned response occurs not only to the original CS, but also to other stimuli, which are similar to original CS.

When does stimulus discrimination occur?

Stimulus discrimination occurs when learned response is given to a specific stimulus, which is the original CS but not to other similar stimuli. Hence, CR is not observed in response to other stimuli, which are similar to the original CS.

Edward Thorndike built a puzzle box for cats to study learning. What was the conclusion of his study?

As a result of experimental successive trials, he concluded that learning is incremental.

What makes a reinforcer and a punisher?

Reinforcer
any stimulus which increases the probability of the preceding response.

Punisher
any stimulus which decreases the probability of the preceding response.

What type of learning is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is a type of learning associating behaviors with their results and consequences.

What happens in the ‘positive punishment’ procedure after the behavior occurs?

In the ‘positive punishment’ procedure, after the behavior occurs, an unpleasant stimulus is presented. As a result, the future probability of that behavior decreases.

What is the difference between continuous reinforcement schedule and partial reinforcement schedule?

In continuous reinforcement schedule, every response is reinforced every time it occurs.

In partial reinforcement schedule, every response is not reinforced; only some of them are reinforced.

When is the reinforcer presented in Variable Interval?

In VI, the reinforcer is presented after a varying, unpredictable period of time.

What type of learning was suggested by Wolfgang Köhler after his experiment on chimpanzees?

Insight learning

What is latent learning?

Latent learning refers to a type of cognitive learning in which learning occurs without any obvious reinforcer. In this type of learning, there is also no demonstration of the learned behavior until a reinforcer is given. So, learning becomes apparent when a reinforcer or an incentive is present.

What is a cognitive map?

A cognitive map is a mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings.

How does learning occur according to Social Learning Theory?

According to Social Learning Theory, learning occurs by observing and imitating others in the environment.

The Bobo Doll experiment (Bandura, 1961) shows that children who watched the model’s aggressive behaviors actually learned all behaviors through observation, but they did not choose to perform them until they were reinforced for doing so.

What is the result inferred from this experiment?

This result indicates that learning a behavior and performing it are two different things. This is actually an example of the learning–performance distinction. Apparently, all children learned how to act aggressively through observation, but some of them did not prefer acting like this. Learning might occur but the behavior may not be performed. So the behavior may not be observable at any time.