Turizm İçin İngilizce 2 Dersi 6. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

How does UNESCO define cultural heritage?

UNESCO defines cultural heritage as the monuments, groups of buildings and sites with historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientific, ethnological or anthropological value

Name at least two rules that Article 53 of Geneva Conventions states in order to protect world heritage sites.

According to the Article 53 of Geneva Conventions, it is prohibited to:

- commit any acts of aggression directed against the historic monuments, works of art or places of worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of people

- use such objects in support of the military effort

- make such objects the object of reprisals

Write down two of the "cultural criteria" for a site  to be included in the Tentative List (of UNESCO World Heritage Sites). 

1. Representing a masterpiece of human creative genius

2. Exhibiting an important interchange of human values, over a period of time, or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning, or landscape design

3. Bearing a unique or exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared

4. Being an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural, or technological group or landscape which illustrates a significant stage in human history

5. Being an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture, or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change

6. Being directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance

Write down two of the "natural criteria" for a site  to be included in the Tentative List (of UNESCO World Heritage Sites). 

1. Containing excellent natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance

2. Being an outstanding example representing major stages of Earth’s history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features

3. Being an outstanding example representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems, and communities of plants and animals

4. Containing the most important and significant natural habitats for the conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation

What can Turkey do as a country to protect its locations and sites that have historical, cultural or natural value?

- It is necessary to prepare appropriate management plans with effective implementation for the World Heritage Sites of Turkey.

- Conservation and protection measures can be strengthened by identification of buffer zones for prevention of construction activities in the adjoining areas to World Heritage Sites.

-It is essential to develop and implement an efficient ‘Visitor Management Plan’ in the framework of Management Plan for these sites.

-Strong efforts should be made to increase the awareness of local population living in the vicinity of World Heritage Site about significance of the site.

How many sites in Turkey have been in the UNESCO World Heritage List?

There are 11 sites.

Which site or sites in Turkey was/were first added to the World Heritage Site?

There are three sites that were added to the World Heritage List first in 1985. They are Historic Areas of İstanbul; Göreme National Park and Rock Sites of Cappadocia; Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği.

Which site in Turkey was last added to the World Heritage Site?

The latest addition to the list is Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük in 2012.

Name at least five World Heritage Sites in Turkey?

- Historic Areas of Istanbul 

- Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia 

- Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği

- Hattusha: The Hittite Capital 

- Mount Nemrut 

- Hierapolis - Pamukkale 

- Xanthos – Letoon 

- City of Safranbolu

- Archaeological Site of Troy

- Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex

- Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük

Write down at least three "Cultural" World Heritage Sites of Turkey.

1- Historic Areas of Istanbul-1985-Cultural-Istanbul

2- Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği-1985-Cultural-Sivas 

3- Hattusha: The Hittite Capital-1986-Cultural-Çorum 

4- Mount Nemrut-1987-Cultural-Adıyaman 

5- Xanthos – Letoon-1988-Cultural-Antalya/Muğla 

6- City of Safranbolu-1994-Cultural-Karabük 

7- Archaeological Site of Troy-1998-Cultural-Çanakkale 

8- Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex-2011-Cultural-Edirne

9- Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük-2012-Cultural-Konya

Write down two "Cultural and Natural" World Heritage Sites of Turkey.

1- Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia-1985-Cultural and Natural-Nevşehir/Kayseri

2- Hierapolis- Pamukkale-1988-Cultural and Natural-Denizli 

Provide information about the Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği ?

Divrigi Great Mosque and Hospital are an ornately decorated mosque and a medical complex recognized for their lovely carvings and architecture. In 1228-29, when Divrigi was under the rule of the Bey of Mengücek Emir Ahmed Shah, he commissioned the mosque which stands fully in one piece. The next-door Hospital was built simultaneously with the mosque by Turan Melek Sultan.

Provide information about the Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia.

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia lie in the mid-western part of Turkey. The extraordinary landscape was formed millions of years ago, the combined work of lava spitting volcanoes, wind and water. In a spectacular landscape, entirely sculpted by erosion, the Göreme valley and its surroundings contain rockhewn sanctuaries that provide unique evidence of Byzantine art in the post-Iconoclastic period. Dwellings, troglodyte villages and underground towns - the remains of a traditional human habitat dating back to the 4th century - can also be seen there. Religious Byzantine paintings can be found on the walls of the churches and monasteries.

Provide information about the Historic Areas of Istanbul.

The Historic Areas of Istanbul hold unique monuments from the Byzantine and Ottoman civilizations. Istanbul’s history is a very long one: already in 395 (then named Constantinopel) the city was made capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. The Hagia Sophia dates from this Christian era: it was constructed by Emperor Justinianus. The Blue Mosque is located just across the street from the Hagia Sophia. It was built during the 17th century. On the outside are the 6 minarets as its main characteristics . Inside it is decorated with blue tiles and numerous carpets.

Provide information about the Hattusha: The Hittite Capital.

Hattusha is the old capital of the Hittites, people that lived during the period of the Egyptian pharaohs. Its heydays were from 1375 to 1200 BC. The archaeological site of Hattusha is notable for its urban organization, the types of construction that have been preserved (temples, royal residences, fortifications), the rich ornamentation of the Lions’ Gate and the Royal Gate. The Hittites built their capital on a site that could be well defended. It was surrounded by a wall, to fortify it even more. The wall was decorated with two gates, the Kings Gate in the southeast and the Lions Gate in the southwest.

Provide information about the Mount Nemrut.

Mount Nemrut comprises the Hellenistic mausoleum of Antiochus. In the first century BC, the Roman-Persian king Antiochus I of Commagene (a kingdom north of Syria and the Euphrates) ordered a grave and temples to be built on this site. On two sides of the mountaintop terraces were set up for meters high statues of the gods and himself. The statues represent Apollo, Fortuna, Heracles and Zeus. The heads of the statues have fallen down in the course of years, and have been erected again on the place they fell. They are all about 2 meters high. It is suspected that the grave of Antiochus himself is hidden under the mountaintop, beneath a heavy layer of debris.

Provide information about Xanthos-Letoon.

Xanthos-Letoon is an archeological site consisting of two separate locations that represent the Lycian civilization. Their art work is well known. Some of the monumental tombs that were taken to the British Museum, the most famous being the Nereid Monument, the Harpy Monument and the Payava Sarcophagus. Xanthos was the name of a city in ancient Lycia. It was a center of culture and commerce for the Lycians.

Provide information about the Archaeological Site of Troy. 

The Archaeological Site of Troy is the traditional location of Homeric Troy. In the 1870s Heinrich Schliemann, excavated the area. Later excavations revealed several cities built in succession to each other successfully. One of the earlier cities (Troy VII) is often identified with Homeric Troy. Troy is a legendary city and center of the Trojan War, as described in the Epic Cycle, and especially in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer.

Provide information about the Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük.

The Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük consists of two tells with remains from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. This was a large settlement, and the sites were permanently inhabited. Mud-brick houses have been found as well as wall paintings and other decorations. Burials were mostly beneath house floors. The site dates mainly from 7,400-5,500 BC. A wealth of goods and tools were excavated here, including stamp seals. The settlement was first excavated between 1961 and 1965. It has a unique level of preservation for a site of this age. The findings from the excavations are on exhibit in Ankara Anatolian Civilizaitons Museum.

In addition to the 11 cultural and natural sites, that take place in the World Heritage List, Turkey has 37 other locations that are in the Tentative List. Name at least five of them.

• Ephesus (1994)

• Karain Cave (1994)

• Sümela Monastery (The Monastery of Virgin Mary) (2000)

• Konya-A capital of Seljuk Civilization (2000)

• Alanya (2000)

• Ishak Pasha Palace (2000)

• Kekova (2000)

• Hatay, St. Pierre Church (2011)

• Bergama (2011)

• Historic City of Ani (2012)

• Gordion (2012)

• Odunpazarı Historical Urban Site (2012) etc.