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Theories Of International Relations 2 Dersi 7. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

Normativism

1. Soru

What contributed to the arise of normative theories after the 1960s?

Cevap

After 1960s, technological and ideological developments contributed to the arising of normative theories.


2. Soru

Why did the scholars put aside normative theories during the 1960s?

Cevap

Normative standards and concepts were considered to be old fashioned for the field of international relations.


3. Soru

Why did post-behavioral revolution emerge in the 1970s?

Cevap

In 1970s, post-behavioral revolution emerged as a challenge against the so called behavioral revolution of 1960s, since behavioralism could not answer the contemporary needs, and became abstract by distancing from real world and ignoring the ideological elements for consideration of empirical conservatism.


4. Soru

What is cosmopolitanism?

Cevap

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community. Every human being was seen as a citizen of the world in his capacity of “reason” regardless of bloodlineage and racial origins.

Cosmopolitanism may entail some sort of world government or it may simply refer to more inclusive moral, economic, and/or political relationships between nations or individuals of different nations.


5. Soru

What caused cosmopolitanism to be criticized as an unrealistic utopian vision?

Cevap

The rise of Imperialism and Nationalism in the nineteenth century, however, cosmopolitanism was criticized as an unrealistic, utopian vision.


6. Soru

What subjects are normative theories essentially related with?

Cevap

Normative theories, essentially are related with the subjects of philosophy and ethic.


7. Soru

What is an important difference between normative theories and empirical/positivist theories?

Cevap

Normative theories rest on value preferences which cannot be tested or verified with factual experiments and this is an important difference from empirical/positivist theories. Moreover, they are not concerned with the proposition related to “what is” but “what ought to be, what should be”.


8. Soru

Why are normative and empirical theories criticized?

Cevap
  • Normative theories are claimed to be utopist and idealist and empirical theories too, so they are condemned to be over factual for consideration of being scientific.
  • Kantian, utilitarian and social contract insights are approaches that rest on universality of values. However, according to Hobbes, good or bad are relative concepts and consequently there is no absolute good and absolute bad. There are no sensible and objective criteria to divide the good and bad; in contrast, it depends subjectively to the individuals themselves.


9. Soru

Why do normative writers criticize the relativist approach?

Cevap

According to normative writers if everything is accepted to be relative, then nothing would have any concrete meaning.


10. Soru

Why do scholars of relativism refuse cosmopolitanism?

Cevap

They do not accept the universality of some values. Universal law, natural law, universal peace, universal morality, universal human rights are not accepted by them.


11. Soru

What is Cicero's view of "law of nature" and "human nature"?

Cevap

These are of necessity harmonious with each other (and, ultimately, the same thing) because both reflect the will of a benevolent Supreme Being who creates and governs the universe.


12. Soru

What is natural law moral theory?

Cevap

The moral standards that govern human behavior and which are, in some sense, objectively derived from the nature of human beings and the nature of the world.


13. Soru

What is moral universalism?

Cevap

Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for “all similarly situated individuals”, regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing feature. 


14. Soru

What is social contract theory?

Cevap

Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles. From this point, like stag hunt model of game theory, individuals would sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction.


15. Soru

Why is the normative element in international relations an indispensable phenomenon?

Cevap

Normative element in IR is persistently an indispensable phenomenon for human beings because those who are criticizing the normative theories are using normative discourse and normative comments in their foreign policy expressions. States try to excuse their coalitions with other countries by moral reasons. Sometimes, states try to explain their political practices such as foreign interference, military intervention or attacks with moral necessities such as to prevent the aggressive state or save a weak nation, even if their real objective is to save national interest.


16. Soru

Who introduced the term "perpetual peace"?

Cevap

Immanuel Kant


17. Soru

What is self-determination in international law?

Cevap

Self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule (compelling law/peremptory norm) binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter’s norms. It states that a people, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference. In other words, the right of the people of a particular place to choose the form of government they will have.


18. Soru

Why can't foreign policy process be excluded from values and normative concepts according to normativists?

Cevap

The concepts such as “the best”, “very productive”, “just”, or “necessarily good” for the means chosen to reach to foreign policy objectives would define the values and these indicate the impossibility of exclusion of values from foreign policy decisions.


19. Soru

What are the critical approaches to normative theory?

Cevap

States pursuing their national interest cannot be expected to be ethical.

A universal normative theory is not possible for all states nor is it plausible to establish.

Normative principles are not considered to be scientific.

Moral standards cannot be applied to the international system of states.


20. Soru

According to a critic toward normative theories, why can't they be applied to problems faced everyday?

Cevap

As scientific theories are concerned with the empirical world, normative theories are related to an ideal world that should be. For this reason, normative theories cannot be applied to the problems faced everyday. Therefore, normative theories are interested in an imaginary world, and can be claimed by realists as utopic theories.


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