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Psychology Dersi 6. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

Lifespan Development

1. Soru

What does the lifespan perspective emphasizes in terms of human development?

Cevap

The lifespan perspective emphasizes that human development is a lifelong process and it is affected by multidimensional factors, such as biological, intraindividual, social, and cultural factors.


2. Soru

What are the three developmental processes of human beings?

Cevap

Human development results from biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional processes, and the interaction among these three processes.


3. Soru

What is a developmental period?

Cevap

A developmental period is a time zone with a certain beginning and end based on a certain age-group. Each period includes certain characteristics.


4. Soru

What are the typical aspects of children' development in early childhood?

Cevap

Early childhood is the period that has been described usually as preschool time. During this period, children typically follow a certain developmental path in terms of different aspects of development. They usually tend to become self-sufficient, since they learn and start to use social cues and rules in this period.


5. Soru

What is the time period of early adulthood for individuals?

Cevap

Early adulthood is the period from 20s to late 30s.


6. Soru

Which developmental period can be the longest and chronic stress can affect health at this stage?

Cevap

Late adulthood is the longest period which begins in 60s and goes until death. Since this period can be the longest, there are lots of variations among individuals. For example, chronic stress can affect health at this stage.


7. Soru

What is the difference between parts of 'Nature vs Nurture' debate as a developmental issue?

Cevap

This debate is concerned with whether human development is affected by nature (genetic makeup) or nurture (environment), and with the extent to which aspects of development are affected by nature and by nurture. According to nature part of the debate, humans’ genetic background determines a kind of biological program for each human being. In contrast with the nature part, nurture part of the debate emphasizes the importance of environmental experiences and influences on human development. From this perspective, human beings are born with tabula rasa (a blank state) and gain developmental aspects through exposure to environment across years.


8. Soru

Why has Sigmund Freud' Psychosexual Theory been criticized?

Cevap

Freud’s theory has been criticized since it pays great attention to sexual instintcs and since it does not mention the potential effects of culture.


9. Soru

How does a child think during preoperational stage that covers 2-7 years of age?

Cevap

Symbolic thinking of a child increases with word usage and increased mental images, and child move forward from sensoryphysical combinations to operations during this stage.


10. Soru

What is the zone of proximal development?

Cevap

The zone of proximal development is the distance between what a person can perform individually and what that person can perform under guidence.


11. Soru

What is the difference between cephalocaudal pattern and proximodistal pattern?

Cevap

Cephalocaudal pattern is the pattern of development that begins at the top of the body, which is the head in our case, and gradually follows a path from top to down, which can be shoulders, arms, etc. The proximodistal pattern is the physical developmental path from the center of the body to the extremities. For example, an infant is able to gain mastery on muscles in the torso before controlling the muscles in the hands and fingers. 


12. Soru

What is the difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?

Cevap

Gross motor skills are involved in large muscle activities and movements. In contrast to gross motor skills, fine motor skills are involved in small muscle movements and activities, that occur in the hands and fingers.


13. Soru

What is the difference between palmar grasp and pincer grasp?

Cevap

Palmar grasp is grasping with the whole hand. In contrast, pincer grasp is grasping with the thumb and finger.


14. Soru

What are the two types of the schemes that children’s brain build in order to understand the world according to Piaget?

Cevap

According to Piaget, in order to understand the world, children’s brain build schemes, which involve actions or mental representations that help to systematize the information. There are two types of schemes: behavioral schemes and mental schemes.


15. Soru

Sensorimotor stage covers the time period from birth to 2 years of age, and it includes substages.
What does 'Simple reflex' substage mean?

Cevap

It is the coordination of senses and movements with the help of reflexive reactions; such as sucking and grasping.


16. Soru

What is the relation between self-esteem and self-efficacy?

Cevap

Self-esteem is a feeling satisfied, being confidence with and respect to one’s own self. Self-efficacy is one’s belief in his/her own capability and ability to accomplish something. Since school concept comes to the place, self- esteem related with success, self-efficacy, self understanding and self concept are common themes that are mostly studied during socioemotional development in middle & late childhood period.


17. Soru

What is 'Personal fable'?

Cevap

Personal fable is the feeling of uniqueness and invulnurability.


18. Soru

What do adolescents experience in 'Identity moratorium' status?

Cevap

According to Marcia (1994), an adolescent solves his/her crisis based on a four status identity. Adolescents in Identity moratorium status experience a crisis that has been going on, but their commitment might be weak or they do not show any commitment.


19. Soru

What are the two important concepts of early adulthood?

Cevap

Two important concepts of early adulthood are: gaining economic independence and taking responsibility for what has been done.


20. Soru

What is 'Postformal Thought'

Cevap

Postformal Thought is a way of thinking which consists of reflective, relativistic and contextual, provisional, realistic ways with the effect of emotions.


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