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Psychology Dersi 5. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

Learning

1. Soru

What is the process of learning?

Cevap

Learning is the process by which practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior.


2. Soru

What is the meaning of association?

Cevap

Association means linking two events or stimuli that occur together in space or time.


3. Soru

What is the cognitive approach mainly concerned with?

Cevap

The cognitive approach is mainly concerned with internal events. According to the cognitive approach, psychologists should consider what is going on in the mind to understand behavior and they should study mental events scientifically using controlled experiments.


4. Soru

What is the focus of behaviorism?

Cevap

Behaviorism studies behavior as the relationship between observable stimuli and observable responses. There is no reference to mental processes in the mind.


5. Soru

Explain the occurence of unconditioned response.

Cevap

Unconditioned Response (UCR) occurs automatically in response to UCS; therefore, it is mostly involuntary. UCR is an unlearned response to a UCS.


6. Soru

What type of learning is classical conditioning?

Cevap

Classical conditioning is a type of learning that a stimulus, which produces no response, can acquire the ability to produce one.


7. Soru

What do the food and the bell refer to in the classical conditioning procedure of Pavlov’s on dogs?

Cevap

The food refers to unconditioned stimulus and the bell refers to neutral stimulus.


8. Soru

What happens if CS and UCS are paired again after spontaneous recovery?

Cevap

During spontaneous recovery, CR is observed although UCS is not presented. If
UCS is presented with CS again, CR reappears, so CR’s power strengthens. This
is different from spontaneous recovery because once UCS is presented, it is like
going back to the acquisition phase. Hence, the association between UCS and CS
is established again.


9. Soru

What does stimulus generalization mean?

Cevap

Stimulus generalization means to respond to stimuli similar to the original CS. So, learned response occurs not only to the original CS, but also to other stimuli, which are similar to original CS.


10. Soru

When does stimulus discrimination occur?

Cevap

Stimulus discrimination occurs when learned response is given to a specific stimulus, which is the original CS but not to other similar stimuli. Hence, CR is not observed in response to other stimuli, which are similar to the original CS.


11. Soru

Edward Thorndike built a puzzle box for cats to study learning. What was the conclusion of his study?

Cevap

As a result of experimental successive trials, he concluded that learning is incremental.


12. Soru

What makes a reinforcer and a punisher?

Cevap

Reinforcer
any stimulus which increases the probability of the preceding response.


Punisher
any stimulus which decreases the probability of the preceding response.


13. Soru

What type of learning is operant conditioning?

Cevap

Operant conditioning is a type of learning associating behaviors with their results and consequences.


14. Soru

What happens in the ‘positive punishment’ procedure after the behavior occurs?

Cevap

In the ‘positive punishment’ procedure, after the behavior occurs, an unpleasant stimulus is presented. As a result, the future probability of that behavior decreases.


15. Soru

What is the difference between continuous reinforcement schedule and partial reinforcement schedule?

Cevap

In continuous reinforcement schedule, every response is reinforced every time it occurs.

In partial reinforcement schedule, every response is not reinforced; only some of them are reinforced.


16. Soru

When is the reinforcer presented in Variable Interval?

Cevap

In VI, the reinforcer is presented after a varying, unpredictable period of time.


17. Soru

What type of learning was suggested by Wolfgang Köhler after his experiment on chimpanzees?

Cevap

Insight learning


18. Soru

What is latent learning?

Cevap

Latent learning refers to a type of cognitive learning in which learning occurs without any obvious reinforcer. In this type of learning, there is also no demonstration of the learned behavior until a reinforcer is given. So, learning becomes apparent when a reinforcer or an incentive is present.


19. Soru

What is a cognitive map?

Cevap

A cognitive map is a mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings.


20. Soru

How does learning occur according to Social Learning Theory?

Cevap

According to Social Learning Theory, learning occurs by observing and imitating others in the environment.


21. Soru

The Bobo Doll experiment (Bandura, 1961) shows that children who watched the model’s aggressive behaviors actually learned all behaviors through observation, but they did not choose to perform them until they were reinforced for doing so.

What is the result inferred from this experiment?

Cevap

This result indicates that learning a behavior and performing it are two different things. This is actually an example of the learning–performance distinction. Apparently, all children learned how to act aggressively through observation, but some of them did not prefer acting like this. Learning might occur but the behavior may not be performed. So the behavior may not be observable at any time.


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