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Statistics 1 Dersi 1. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

Introduction To Statistics

1. Soru

Define observation.

Cevap

The outcome about a single variable for an element in the data set is called an observation.


2. Soru

What are the two basic rules of the assignment of numerals?

Cevap

The assignment of numerals has two basic rules:
1. Numerals are labels that have no inherent meaning, for example zip codes, automobile license plates, or student identification number.
2. Numerals are numbers that have quantitative meaning and can be analyzed, for example, age, height, weight or weekly wage of a worker.


3. Soru

Define error in measurement.

Cevap

Error in measurement can be described as any discrepancy between the actual result obtained and the correct result that would be provided by an ideal procedure. From a statistical point of view any observation is composed of the true value plus some random error value. However, all error is not random. The error component of any observation can be divided into two subcomponents, random error and systematic error.


4. Soru

Define element.

Cevap

Elements are the entities on which the data are collected.


5. Soru

Define case.

Cevap

The outcomes obtained on all variables for one element in the data set is called a case.


6. Soru

If a professor wants to assess her students' English language skills based on three factors such as sex, grade, and test scores, which variable would be dependent?

Cevap

Test scores would be dependent as they are the ones that cannot be labelled or the ones that are wanted to be examined. 


7. Soru

Define random error.

Cevap

Random errors are caused by unknown and unpredictable factors that randomly affect measurement of the variable across the sample. Random error does not have any consistent effects across the entire sample. Instead, it affects observed scores up or down randomly. Random error adds variability to the data and it is sometimes called noise.


8. Soru

What is the main difference between open-ended and close-ended questions?

Cevap

Open-ended questions allow individuals to give a free-form answer. However, closed-ended questions can be answered with “Yes” or “No,” or they have a limited set of possible answers such as “A”, “B”, “C”, or “all of them”.


9. Soru

What is used to construct a frequency distribution table? 

Cevap

To construct a frequency distribution table, the measurement categories and the number of responses within a given measurement category are used.


10. Soru

Define variable.

Cevap

A variable is a characteristic of interest about an element. A characteristic that can take on different possible outcomes is called a variable.


11. Soru

Define quantitative variable.

Cevap

The variable is defined as quantitative if the outcomes are numbers.


12. Soru

In a questionnaire, if there is a question such as "What is your favourite season?", would this question require a single response or multiple responses?

Cevap

It would require a single response since the question has the word favourite in it.


13. Soru

Define qualitative variable.

Cevap

The variable is defined as qualitative if the outcomes are nonnumeric qualities or attributes.


14. Soru

Why do we make use of pretesting?

Cevap

Once a questionnaire has been developed, it is important to determine whether respondents are interpreting questions as intended and whether the order of questions may influence responses. For this purpose, a pretest is conducted using small sample of the survey population. Pretesting finds out the unpredictable difficulties in the layout of the questionnaire and in the clarity of wording. Hence, the problems determined in the pretesting can then be corrected before the research is begun.


15. Soru

Suppose that a researcher wants to find out political views of students at a university and conducts the research only with senior students. What kind of error is made in this research?

Cevap

Error in population specification as seniors are not the only students at a university. There are also freshmen, sophomore, and junior students. 


16. Soru

Define systematic error.

Cevap

Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies that shift measurements from their true value by the same amount and consistently in the same direction. This type error arises from problematic, poor calibrated or incorrectly used equipment.


17. Soru

When should we use grouped frequency distribution tables?

Cevap

When the data set is large or the measurements are obtained using ratio scale, grouped frequency is more appropriate for summarizing the data.


18. Soru

Write four different scales for measurement.

Cevap

Four different scales for measurement have been identified. These are nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales.


19. Soru

In a likert scale, if we have the options strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, and strongly disagree, which scale can we talk about?

Cevap

Interval scale because interval scales of measurement have the properties of classifying, magnitude, and equal intervals. While the ordinal scales of measurement show that individuals have more or less something than the others, interval scales have more precise information indicating how much of something individuals have. 


20. Soru

Define raw data.

Cevap

Raw data or primary data, which are collected directly related to their object of study, are the original measured values or scores, without any manipulation, except perhaps sorting in the case of quantitative data.


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