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Organizational Theory and Design Dersi 7. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

Managerial Decision-Making

1. Soru

Which functional manager asks the following question?

"Which supplier should we use?"

Cevap

That's a question most probably asked by a production manager.


2. Soru

What are the ways a manager can follow to identify and solve a problem?

Cevap

He or she can be involved in either programmed or non-programmed decision- making.


3. Soru

What are the decision-making tools of programmed decisions?

Cevap

Policies and rules; capital budgeting; computerized solutions.


4. Soru

What are the decision-making tools of nonprogrammed decisions?

Cevap

Judgment; intuition, creativity; computerized decision support systems and modeling.


5. Soru

Who is the founder of the rational decision-making approach?

Cevap

Herbert Alexander Simon


6. Soru

What is the first step of rational decision-making?

Cevap

The first step of rational decision-making is defining the problem.


7. Soru

What is the last step of rational decision-making?

Cevap

The last step of rational decision-making is checking the answer to make sure it solves the problem.


8. Soru

What are the organizational constraints of nonprogrammed decision-making?

Cevap

Need for agreement, shared perspective, cooperation, support, corporate culture and structure, ethical values.


9. Soru

What are the personal constraints of nonprogrammed decision-making?

Cevap

Desire for prestige, success; personal decision style; and the need to satisfy emotional needs, cope with pressure, maintain self-concept.


10. Soru

Who are the developers of Carnegie Decision Model?

Cevap

Carneige model, one of the organizational decision models, was developed by Cyert, James March and Herbert Simon from Carnegie-Mellon University.


11. Soru

What does coalition mean in Carneige model?

Cevap

Coalition means a consensus of managers’ decisions about organizational goals and privileged problems. is coalition may consist of diffrent departments, individuals working in different levels and even customers and sometimes suppliers. Bankers, advisors outside the organization and union representatives may be included in this coalition since they must be involved in decision-making process.


12. Soru

What does satisficing mean?

Cevap

Satisficing means an alternative production made with a limited information just to find solutions for the problems.


13. Soru

What does cognitive bias mean?

Cevap

Cognitive bias means a tendency to make irrational decisions about other people and situations.


14. Soru

What are the types of bias in organizational decisions?

Cevap

Overconfidence, 

Anchoring bias,

Confirmation Bias,

Escalation of Commitment, 

Frame Effect, and

Hindsight Bias.


15. Soru

What does "Escalation of Commitment" mean?

Cevap

Escalation of commitment means that if you also have proofs that prove the truth of the idea against your own idea, you still insist on the accuracy of your own idea.


16. Soru

What does "Frame Effect" mean?

Cevap

This means that form of information’s presentation influences the decisions greatly importantly. According to the frame effect, the way we define the problem, the words we choose, emphasis, the way we talk, the way we present our knowledge cause individuals to have various attitudes and perceptions and influence their choices.


17. Soru

What are the symptoms of unhealthy decision-making?

Cevap

Group members suppose that their decisions are perfect and insist on it,

Managers are not informed about the arguments supporting the opposing view,

Group members give more importance to the data supporting their own views and ignore the others,

No one tries to consider alternative options,

Members that do not share the majority’s opinion are excluded.


18. Soru

What does anchoring bias mean?

Cevap

Anchoring bias means being stuck in the first information coming to mind, which causes us to not evaluate the following data appropriately.


19. Soru

What does hindsight bias mean?

Cevap

When you create a false belief that when the result of an event becomes clear, you knew this very result beforehand, it means that you have hindsight bias.


20. Soru

What methods can be offered to decrease the effect of these biases on managers’ decisions?

Cevap

First method is to focus on goal.

The second method is to look for information that disconfirms your beliefs.

Do not try to create meaning out of random events.

Increase your options.


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