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Organizational Theory and Design Dersi 6. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

Innovation And Change

1. Soru

What is innovation?

Cevap

Innovation can be defined as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process...or a new organizational method”.


2. Soru

What are the types of innovation?

Cevap

There are three types of innovation: process innovation, product innovation, and organizational innovation.


3. Soru

What are the dimensions that characterize product innovation?

Cevap

The degree to which it involves a change in technical competencies and the degree to which it involves a change in business model.


4. Soru

What does product innovation refer to?

Cevap

Product innovation refers to the new or recombined knowledge incarnated in a new product.


5. Soru

What is routine (incremental) innovation based on?

Cevap

Routine (incremental) innovation is based on having the existing business model, exploiting the existing knowledge base and small improvements of existing products.


6. Soru

What are the stages of innovation?

Cevap

Innovation process has three stages: invention, development, and implementation.


7. Soru

At what stage of innovation does the elaboration of the idea take place?

Cevap

The elaboration of the idea takes place at the development stage.


8. Soru

What does implementation stage of innovation mean?

Cevap

Implementation means the widespread acceptance of the innovation. The central mechanism of implementation is exploitation, which contains such things as refinement, choice, production, efficiency, selection, and execution.


9. Soru

What does structural change mean?

Cevap

Structural change means any change in the patterned or regularized aspects of the relationships among participants in the organization.


10. Soru

What does structural change refer to?

Cevap

Structural change refers to any change in the patterned or regularized aspects of the relationships among participants in the organization.


11. Soru

What does technological change mean?

Cevap

Technological change means changing the hardware (equipment, machines, and instruments) used in performing work and skills and knowledge of employees.


12. Soru

What do technological changes include nowadays?

Cevap

Nowadays, technological changes usually include the introduction of new equipment or methods such as using 3-D printing, automation, and computerization.


13. Soru

In what ways does cultural change evolve?

Cevap

There are nine different ways in which culture evolves:

1. The general evolution in which the organization naturally adapts to its environment

2. The specific evolution of teams or sub- groups within the organization to their different environments

3. The guided evolution resulting from cultural ‘insights’ on the part of managers;

4. The systematic promotion of insiders (employees) and subcultures whose own assumptions are better adapted to the new external realities.

5. Systematically bringing outsiders into jobs below the top management level and allowing them gradually to educate and reshape top management’s thinking

6. Scandals, disasters, and the explosion of myths

7. The more rapid transformation of parts of the culture to permit the organization to become adaptive again

8. Mergers and acquisitions
9. Removing the critical culture carriers such as the top one or two echelons of the organization, reorganizing functions, bringing in new technologies, and in other ways forcing real transfomation.


14. Soru

What does prescribed change include?

Cevap

Prescribed change includes a non-arbitrary sequence of stages and activities over time, and it is gradual and incremental.


15. Soru

What is the difference between top-down change and bottom-up change?

Cevap

Top-down change is implemented by managers at a high level in the company, while bottom-up change is implemented by employees at low levels in the company and gradually rises until it is felt throughout the organization.


16. Soru

What is the final step in the change process?

Cevap

The final step in the change process is to evaluate how successful the change effort has been. Using measures such as changes in market share, in profits, or the ability of scientists to innovate new drugs, managers compare how well an organization is performing after the change with how well it was performing before.


17. Soru

What are the steps of change management?

Cevap

The steps of change management are assessing the need for change, deciding on the change to make, implementing the change, and evaluating the change.


18. Soru

What are the types of organizational change?

Cevap

There are two types of organizational change: prescribed change and planned change.


19. Soru

Why does a company periodically needs to change its structure?

Cevap

A company periodically needs to change its structure disregarding the external environment because the structural change gets people to start forming new networks, it disrupts the routines that dampen innovation and adaptability, and it disrupts harmful power structures.


20. Soru

What does strategic change include?

Cevap

Strategic change includes alterations in a company’s corporate, business-level, and/or functional strategies.


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