International Security Dersi 8. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kofi Annan advanced the idea of ‘human security’ that includes three basic freedoms.What are they?

Freedom from fear,

Freedom from want,

Freedom to live in dignity.

When was the concept of human security first used?

The concept of human security was first used in the 1994.

In how many countries does The United Nations Development Program work?

The United Nations Development Program works in about 170 countries.

What are the main three areas of UNDP ?

The main three areas of UNDP are sustainable development, democratic governance and peace building and climate and disaster resilience.

What are the different conceptions of human security?
 

The different conceptions of human security are classified under three distinct groups:

the natural rights-rule of law,

the humanitarian view, 

the broader view (Hampson, 2008:231).

What is ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights ''?

Universal Declaration of Human Rights: is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 that articulates “the rights and freedoms to which every human being is equally and inalienably entitled (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948: 6).

What is Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?

Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a norm based on states responsibility to protect their own citizens and the international community’s obligation to protect humans from serious violations such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity.

What is ''Human development''about ?

Human development is about expanding the richness of human life by increasing
opportunities and choices for people.

What are the core principles of international relations ?

The core principles of international relations are

the territorial integrity

the sovereign equality of states, 

non-interference in internal matters.

What is ''Security Dilemma''?

Security Dilemma is a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state’s security (https://www.britannica.com/ topic/security-dilemma).

What is The Non-Aligned Movement ?

The Non-Aligned Movement is an organization created by 29 Asian and African former colonial countries in Bandung/Indonesia in 1955.

What did The Group of Seventy Seven (Group of 77) fight for?

 The Group of Seventy Seven (Group of 77), which was established in 1984 in the framework of the United Nations Conference of Trade and Development, fought for economic and development security. 

How does Bilgin (2003:207) underline all dimensions of human security and list PostCold War developments?

Bilgin (2003:207) underlines all dimensions of human security and lists PostCold War developments as follows:

• growing disparities in economic opportunities both within and between states;
• increasing hardships faced by peoples in the
developing world who found themselves on
the margins of a globalizing world economy;
• diminishing non-renewable resources leading families and groups to become refugees;
• rising anti-foreigner feelings and violence
in reaction to migration pressures from the
developing to the developed world;
• proliferating intrastate conflicts increasing
public interest in, and pressure for, humanitarian intervention.”

What does the concept of environmental security seek?

The concept of environmental security seeks to explain the dangers arising from the ecosystem change, ecosystem loss, and global warming (Scheffran, 1993).

What is ecology?

Ecology: is the study of relationships between plants, animals, people, and their environment, and the balances between these relationships

Who was the term ''ecology'' coined by?

The term ''ecology'' was coined by the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel in 1866.

What did Kyoto Protocol require?

Kyoto Protocol required the signatory developed countries to reduce their production of greenhouse gases by the year 2012 by 5.2 percent.

When was Greenpeace founded ?

In 1969.

What are the two problems of the atmosphere?

Two problems of the atmosphere are namely the global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer.

What is the main function of the UN Environment Program (UNEP)?

The main function of the UN Environment Program (UNEP) is to monitor environmental conditions.

What does ''Biodiversity'' refer to?

Biodiversity refers to the tremendous diversity of plant and animal species making up the earth’s (global, regional, and local) ecosystems.

What does economic security refer to?

Economic security refers to the entitlement of any individual to have a minimum regular income that comes from a lucrative activity or, as a last resort, from a social security trust fund.

What are  The Millennium Development Goals ?

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

 According to the 1974 World Food Summit, what does food security refer to?

According to the 1974 World Food Summit, food security refers to the “availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food consumption and to offset fluctuations in
production and prices”.

What are the four main components of food security?

There are four main components of food security. These are availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability.

What does ''Availability'' refer to?

Availability refers to whether food is physically available. In other words, it is related to the question of whether enough food is produced to meet the needs.