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Research Methods Dersi 7. Ünite Sorularla Öğrenelim

Research Ethics

1. Soru

What is research?

Cevap

Research is a systematic activity aiming to generate new knowledge or understanding in a field of study.


2. Soru

What does research ethics means?

Cevap

According to Hammersley and Traianou (2012, p. 16), for example, the word “ethics” can have at least two meanings. It can refer to “A field of study, concerned with investigating what is good or right and how we should determine this.


3. Soru

What is the ethical perspective that judges researchers’ actions according to some absolute/universal duties requiring certain types of action?

Cevap

Deontology


4. Soru

What is 'autonomy' in research ethics?

Cevap

It is the capacity of a participant to make a reasoned decision for himself/herself, for example, whether to take part in a research voluntarily.


5. Soru

Why is Nuremberg Code important for research ethics?

Cevap

The Nuremberg Code is the most important milestone in research ethics because the ethic codes developed in different areas of social sciences were based on the Nuremberg Code. It was designed to outline some basic ethical principles to make sure to have the same applications. 


6. Soru

What is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results?

Cevap

Research misconduct is defined asfabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.


7. Soru

What is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit?

Cevap

Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.


8. Soru

When did research ethics result?

Cevap

The phenomenon of “research ethics” was mostly resulted from the revelations regarding the appalling medical experiments conducted by some Nazi doctors in German concentration camps during the World War II.


9. Soru

What is the main role of a research ethics committee (REC)?

Cevap

The main role of a research ethics committee (REC) is to regulate the ethical conduct of research before it is carried out.


10. Soru

What is Consequentialist/Utilitarian Ethics?

Cevap

The consequentialist/utilitarian ethics perspective represents a radical rejection of deontological ethics. It argues that “Rather than being guided by general rules specifying duties and rights, actions must be judged, prospectively, in terms of how well designed they are to produce good outcomes, and, retrospectively, according to whether or not they actually produced such outcomes” (Hammersley and Traianou, 2012, p. 22).


11. Soru

What is Principle-based ethics based on?

Cevap

  • Respect for autonomy (i.e., the obligation to respect decision-making capacities of autonomous people),
  • Beneficence (i.e., the obligation to provide benefits and to balance them against risks),• Non-maleficence (i.e., the obligation to avoid causing harm)
  • Justice (i.e., the obligation of fairness in the distribution of benefits and risks).


12. Soru

What does Situation-Based Ethics (Situationism) stresses?

Cevap

Situation-based ethics stresses that there would always be cases for ethical dilemmas that would be difficult to solve, and therefore there would always be disagreements about what is good/bad or right/ wrong in particular research settings/situations. 


13. Soru

What is virtue ethics?

Cevap

Virtue ethics is the ethical perspective that treats the character of researchers as the primary focus of ethical evaluation.


14. Soru

Why does Relational Ethics (Ethics of Care)criticizes deontological, consequential/utilitarian and/or principle-based ethics views?

Cevap

The relational ethics perspective criticizes deontological, consequential/utilitarian and/or principle-based ethics views for their claim of universal principles and/or obligations; instead, it suggests that researchers “ought to see people as social beings, nested within a complex set of relationships.


15. Soru

What does 'scientific validity' mean?

Cevap

Scientific validity (i.e., whether the proposed research is methodologically rigorous),


16. Soru

What are the ethical principles of Economic and Social Research Council’s Framework for Research Ethics?

Cevap

Economic and Social Research Council’s (2015, p. 3) Framework for Research Ethics lists the following six key ethical principles:

  • Research should be designed, reviewed andundertaken to ensure integrity, quality and transparency.

  • Research staff and participants must normally be informed fully about the purpose, methods, and intended possible uses of the research, what their participation in the research entails and what risks, if any, are involved...

  • The confidentiality of information suppliedby research participants and the anonymity of respondents must be respected.

  • The independence of research must be clear,and any conflicts of interest or partiality must be explicit.
  • Harm to research participants must beavoided in all instances.
  • Research participants must take partvoluntarily, free from any coercion.

17. Soru

What does 'competence' mean in ethical research?

Cevap

Competence is the ability of a participant to understand information relevant to the proposed research.


18. Soru

According to Hammersley and Traianou, what are the the potential threats of harm arising from research?

Cevap

• Pain, physical injury, and permanentdisability.

• Psychological damage, for instanceemotional distress, erosion of self- confidence, stress-related illness, and so on.

• Material damage of some kind, forexample loss of one’s freedom through imprisonment, dismissal from one’s job, reduction in income or wealth, damage to property, and so on.

• Damage to reputation or status, or torelations with significant others, for example through the disclosure of information that was previously unknown to some relevant audience.

• Damage to a project in which people areengaged, to some group or organization to which they belong, perhaps even to some institution or occupation in which they participate.


19. Soru

What does Confidentiality mean?

Cevap

Confidentiality is the obligation of the researcher not to reveal information about a research participant without his/her permission.


20. Soru

What does 'data dissemination' mean?

Cevap

Data dissemination (i.e., the extent to which research data can be stored, published, and/ or used by policy makers, etc.).


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